GLOSSARY

Chapter 2: About CGMS

Ae	EMU area	[ha]
	Estimated planted area	[ha]
A2	NUTS-2 area	[ha]
b0	regression constant	[ton.ha-1]
b1	regression constant	[ton.ha-1.year-1]
b2	regression constant	[-]
ce	percentage of the EMU area suitable for cultivation of crop x	[-]
c2	c2 is percentage of the NUTS-2 area suitable for cultivation of crop x	[-]
e	EMU	[-]
k	number of NUTS-2 subregions per NUTS-1 region	[-]
n	number of EMUs in a NUTS-2 subregionof the EMU area suitable for wheat cultivation	[-]
	Production volume	[ton]
ST	Simulation result in year T	[ton.ha-1]
	Estimated yield in year T	[ton.ha-1]
YT2	simulated average NUTS-2 yield in year T	[ton.ha-1]
YT,e,i	simulated EMU yield in year T	[ton.ha-1]

Chapter 4: WEATHER

a	Albedo or reflection coefficient of regarded surface	[-]
b	Solar elevation	[degrees]
g	Psychrometric constant (at elevation z)	[hPa °C-1]
go	Psychrometric constant at sea level	[hPa °C-1]
D	Slope of the saturation vapour pressure curve	[hPa °C-1]
DT	Temperature difference	[°C]
d	Solar declination	[degrees]
e	Ratio molecule weight water vapor / dry air	[-]
l	Latitude	[degrees]
L	Latent heat of vaporization	[MJ kg-1]
s	Stefan Boltzmann constant	[MJm-2 K-4d-1]
òsinb	Integral of solar height	[s]
òsinbm	Modified integral of effective solar height	[s]
Aa,Ba	Emperical constants of the Ångström equation	[-]
As	Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation	[°C-0.5]
Bs	Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation	[-]
Cs	Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation	[J m-2 d-1]
Ah	Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation	[°C-0.5]
Bh	Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation	[J m-2 d-1]
BU	Emperical coefficient in the wind function	[s m-1]
c	Coefficient on regression of transmission on solar angle	[-]
Cp	Specific heat of moist air	[kJ kg-1 °C-1]
CC	Mean total cloud cover during daytime	[octas]
cosLD	Amplitude of sine of solar height = cosdcosl	[-]
D	Day length	[h]
Dp	Diffuse irradiation perpendicular to the direction of light	[J m-2 s-1]
ea	Saturated vapour pressure	[hPa]
EA	Evaporative demand of the atmosphere	[mm d-1]
ed	Actual vapour pressure	[hPa]
ET0	Evapo(transpi)ration	[mm d-1]
factor	Empirical constant in the EA equation	[-]
f(u)	Wind related function	[ms-1]
n	Bright sunshine hours per day	[hr]
p	correction constant	[degrees]
P	Atmospheric pressure (at elevation z)	[hPa]
Po	Atmospheric pressure at sea level	[hPa]
Rav	Average radiation	[J m-2 d-1]
Rna	Net absorbed radiation in equivalent evaporation	[mm d-1]
Rnl­	Net outgoing long wave-radiation	[J m-2 d-1]
Rs	Incoming solar radiation	[J m-2 d-1]
Sc	Average solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere	[J m-2 s-1]
Sc,d	Solar constant at the top of the atmosphere for a certain day	[J m-2s-1]
Rdf,d	Daily diffuse radiation	[J m-2 d-1
Rg,d	Daily global radiation	J m-2 d-1]
Ro,d	Daily extra-terrestrial solar radiation	[J m-2 s-1
sinLD	Seasonal offset of sine of solar height = sindsinl	[-]
T	Average daily temperature	[°C]
Tatm	Atmospheric transmission	[-]
td	Day number since the 1st of January	[-]
th	Hour of the day	[hr]
Tmax	Maximum temperature	[°C]
Tmin	Minimum temperature	[°C]
u(2)	Mean windspeed at 2 m height	[m s-1]
W	Temperature related weighting factor	[-]
z	Elevation	[m]

Chapter 5: CROP

b	Angle of the sun above horizon	[degrees]
d	Solar declination	[degrees]
e	Initial light use efficiency	[kg ha-1 leaf h-1]/[J m-2 leaf s-1]
k	Extinction coefficient for photosynthetic active radiation flux	[-]
kbl	Extinction coefficient for the direct radiation flux	[-]
kdf	Extinction coefficient for the diffuse radiation flux	[-]
kdr,bl	Extinction coefficient for the direct component of direct light	[-]
kdr,t	Extinction coefficient for the total direct radiation flux	[-]
l	Latitude	[degrees]
r	Reflection coefficient of a green leaf canopy	[-]
z	Scattering coefficient fraction of single leaves for visible radiation	[-]
s	Solar declination	[degrees]
STi	Temperature sum required to complete stage i	[°C d]
òsinbm	Modified integral of effective solar height	[s]
DQt	Rate variable at time step t	[unit d-1]
Dt	Time step	[d]
DW	Dry matter growth rate total crop	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DWd	Death rate of leaves	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DW1d	Potential death rate of leaves due to water stress	[kg ha-1d-1]
DW2d	Potential death rate of leaves due to high LAI	[kg ha-1d-1]
DWi	Dry matter growth rate organ i	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DWni	Net dry matter growth rate organ i	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DWnlv	Net dry matter growth of leaves	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DWrt	Dry matter growth rate roots	[kg ha-1 d-1]
DWsh	Dry matter growth rate shoots	[kg ha-1 d-1]
†i	Death rate organ i	[kg kg-1 d-1]
†max,lv	Maximum relative death rate of leaves due to water stress	[kg kg-1d-1]
A	Gross assimilation rate	[kg ha-1 d-1
A1d	Gross daily CO2 assimilation rate, corrected for low min. temperature	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Ad	Total daily gross assimilation rate	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Ac	Total inst. gross assimilation rate for the whole canopy	[kg ha-1 h-1]
Ac,l	Total inst. gross canopy assimilation rate per unit leaf area	[kg ha-1 h-1]
AT,L	Total inst. gross assimilation rate at a relative depth L	[kg ha-1 h-1]
AL	Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at relative depth L	[kg ha-1 h-1]
Am	Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at light saturation	[kg ha-1 h-1]
Ash	Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, shaded leaves	[kg ha-1 h-1]
Asl	Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, sunlit leaves	[kg ha-1 h-1]
Ce	Conversion efficiency factor of assimilates, total crop	[kg kg-1]
Ce,i	Conversion efficiency factor of the assimilates of a specified organ	[kg kg-1]
Cf	Cluster factor	[-]
cm,i	Maintenance coefficient of organ i	[kg kg-1 d-1]
D	Day length	[h]
Dc	Critical day length for development (lower threshold)	[h]
Do	Optimum day length for development (upper threshold)	[h]
Dr,t	Development rate coefficient at time step t	[d-1]
Ds,t	Development stage at time step	[-]
DTs	Temperature dependent correction factor	[°C]
fred	Development rate reduction factor due to day length	[-]
fsl	Fraction sunlit leaf area	[-]
frai	Reduction factor for leaf age increase	[-]
GAIi	Green area index of organ i	[ha ha-1]
L	Relative depth of horizon in the canopy	[-]
Lc	Critical day length for development (lower threshold)	[h]
Ld	Actual day length	[h]
Lo	Optimum day length for development (upper threshold)	[h]
LAI	Leaf area index	[ha ha-1]
LAIt	Leaf area index at time step t	[ha ha-1]
LAIc	Critical leaf area index	[ha ha-1]
LAIL	Cumulative leaf area index at relative depth L in the canopy (from top downwards)	[ha ha-1]
LExp,t	Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during exponential growth stage	[ha ha-1 d-1]
LSc,t	Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during the source limited growth stage	[ha ha-1 d-1]
p	Gaussian integration points	[-]
Page,t	Physiologic age at time step t	[d]
PAR	Photosynthetically active radiation	[J m-2 d-1]
PARo	Photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARo,L	Net photosynthetic active radiation at relative depth L in the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARo,dr	Direct part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARo,df	Diffuse part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa	Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,L	Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux at relative depth L	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,df	Absorbed amount of the diffuse radiation flux	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,dr,dr	Absorbed amount of the direct component of direct radiation flux	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,dr,sl	Absorbed amount of the direct radiation flux by leaves perpendicular to the direct beam	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,dr,t	Absorbed amount of the total direct radiation flux	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,sh	Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by shaded leaves	[J m-2 s-1]
PARa,sl	Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by sunlit leaves	[J m-2 s-1]
PARdf,L	Net diffuse component of total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARdr,L	Net direct component of direct PAR at relative depth L in the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARdr,t,L	Net total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
PARL	Net photosynthetic active radiation flux at depth L in the canopy	[J m-2 s-1]
pci	Partitioning factor of specified organ	[kg kg-1]
R1d	Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate, not corrected for water stress	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Rd	Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Rg	Growth respiration rate	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Rm	Maintenance respiration rate	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Rm,r	Maintenance respiration rate at a reference temp. of 25 °C	[kg ha-1 d-1]
Rm,T	Maintenance respiration rate at temperature T	[kg ha-1 d-1]
RDcrop	Crop-dependent maximum rooting depth	[cm]
RDi	Initial rooting depth	[cm]
RDmax	Maximum rooting depth	[cm]
RDsoil	Soil-dependent maximum rooting depth	[cm]
RDt	Rooting depth at time step t	[cm]
RL	Maximum relative increase of leaf area index	[°C-1 d-1]
RRmax	Maximum daily increase in rooting depth	[cm]
Qt	State variable at time step t	[unit]
Q10	Relative increase of the respiration rate per 10 °C	[-]
Sexp,t	Specific leaf area at time step t during the exponential growth stage	[ha kg-1]
Sla	Specific leaf area	[ha kg-1]
SSi	Specific green area of organ i	[ha kg-1]
T	Daily (average) temperature	[°C]
Ta	Actual transpiration	[cm d-1]
Tatm	Atmospheric transmission	[-]
Tb	Base temperature below which phenological development stops	[°C]
Tb,age	Lower treshold temperature for physiologic ageing	[°C]
Te	Effective daily temperature	[°C]
Tday	Average daytime temperature	[°C]
th	Hour of the day (solartime)	[h]
Tlow	Seven day running average of minimum temperture	[°C]
Tmax	Maximum daily temperature	[°C]
Tmax,e	Maximum temperature, beyond which the phenological development rate does not increase	[°C]
Tmin	Minimum daily temperature	[°C]
Tp	Potential transpiration	[cm d-1]
Tr	Refererence temperature for definition of maintenance coefficients	[°C]
W	Total dry matter weight	[kg ha-1]
Wd	Weight of leaves that have died during current time step	[kg ha-1]
Wi	Dry matter weight organ i	[kg ha-1]
Wi,t	Dry matter weight organ i at time step t	[kg ha-1]
lv	leaves
rt	roots
st	stems
so	storage organs

Chapter 6: SOIL WATER BALANCE

ap	First regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor	[-]
pp	Second regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor	[-]
Dq	Rate of change in moisture content of root zone	[cm3 cm-3 d-1]
qair	Critical soil moisture content for aeration	[cm3 cm-3]
qair,p	Air content at selected matric head p=-1,0,1	[cm3 cm-3]
qair,yi	Air content at selected matric head	[cm3 cm-3]
qair,t	Air content above ground water table	[cm3 cm-3]
qc	Critical air content	[cm3 cm-3]
qfc	Soil moisture content at field capacity (pF = 2.0)	[cm3 cm-3]
qmax	Soil porosity (maximum soil moisture content)	[cm3 cm-3]
qt	Actual soil moisture content	[cm3 cm-3]
qwp	Soil moisture content at wilting point	[cm3 cm-3]
qws	Critical soil moisture content	[cm3 cm-3]
qyi	Actual soil moisture content as a function of matric head	[cm3 cm-3]
kdf	Extinction coefficient for diffuse radiation	[-]
kgb	Extinction coefficient for global radiation	[-]
Dt	Time step	[d]
Dy	Height of interval matric head	[cm]
yo	Lower boundary interval matric head	[cm]
y1	Upper boundary interval matric head	[cm]
yi	Matric head	[cm]
y(A)	Matric head as a function of the amount of air	[cm]
DWrz	Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the root zone	[cm d-1]
DWlz	Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the lower zone	[cm d-1]
DW	Rate of change in the amount of moisture in the root zone	[cm d-1]
DZ	Change in groundwater level per time step	[cm d-1]
Anew	New air amount between root zone and ground water level	[cm]
Aair(h)	Amount of air in the soil as a function of height above the groundwater	[cm]
Afc	Amount of air at field capacity	[cm]
CRmax	Maximum flow rate calculated at equilibrium	[cm d-1]
CR	Rate of capillary rise	[cm d-1]
CI	Reduction factor for rain not infiltrating during time step	[-]
D	Height difference between root zone and the groundwater table	[cm]
DD	Drain depth	[cm]
DR	Drainage rate	[cm d-1]
DRmax	Maximum drainage rate (is equal to the drainage capacity)	[cm d-1]
Dslr	Days since last rain	[d]
DS	Rate of change of surface storage	[cm d-1]
Ea	Effective evaporation rate	[cm d-1]
Es	Evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface	[cm d-1]
Es,max	Maximum evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface	[cm d-1]
Ew	Evaporation rate from a shaded water surface	[cm d-1]
Ew,max	Maximum evaporation from a shaded water surface	[cm d-1]
E0	Potential soil evaporation	[cm d-1]
E0s	Potential evaporation rate for a soil surface	[cm d-1]
E0w	Potential evaporation rate for a water surface	[cm d-1]
ET0	Potential evapotranspiration rate	[cm d-1]
FI	Fraction of rain not infiltrating during time step t	[-]
FL	Flow rate (­=capillary rise, ¯=percolation)	[cm d-1]
Ie	Effective daily irrigation	[cm d-1]
IN	Infiltration rate	[cm d-1]
INmax	Maximum infiltration rate	[cm d-1]
INp	Preliminary infiltration rate	[cm d-1
K	Hydraulic conductivity	[cm d-1]
K0	Hydraulic conductivity at saturation	[cm d-1]
K(pF)	10log of hydraulic conductivity as a function of pF	[-]
LAI	Leaf area index	[ha ha-1]
Loss	Percolation rate from the lower zone to the subsoil	[cm d-1]
Nocg	Number of crop group to be specified	[-]
Nod	Number of succesive days with stress due to oxygen shortage	[-]
p	Soil water depletion fraction or fraction of easily available soil water	[cm3 cm-3]
p	Three points for Gaussian integration	[-]
P	Precipitation intensity	[cm d-1]
pF	pF value	[-]
Perc	Percolation rate from root zone to lower zone	[cm d-1]
Ros	Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage (water excess)	[-]
Ros,max	Maximum reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage	[-]
Ros	Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage	[-]
Rws	Reduction factor for transpiration due to water shortage	[-]
RD	Actual rooting depth	[cm]
RDmax	Maximum rooting depth	[cm]
SRt	Surface runoff at time step t	[cm]
SSt	Surface storage at time step t	[cm]
SSmax	Maximum surface storage	[cm]
Tm	Maximum crop transpiration rate	[cm d-1]
Ta	Actual transpiration rate	[cm d-1]
UP	Uptake capacity of lower zone	[cm d-1]
Wav	Initial amount of soil moisture in excess of qwp	[cm]
Wdd	Amount of water above drains	[cm]
Wlz	Amount of soil moisture in the lower zone	[cm]
Wlz,fc	Equilibrium amount of soil moisture in the lower zone	[cm]
Wrz	Amount of soil moisturein the rooted zone	[cm]
Wss,fc	Equilibrium soil moisture amount below rooted zone	[cm]
Wrz,fc	Equilibrium soil moisture amount in rooted zone	[cm]
Wdd,fc	Equilibrium soil moisture amount above the drains up to the surface	[cm]
Zt	Depth of groundwater level at time step t	[cm]
Zrd	Distance between root zone and groundwater table	[cm]

APPENDIX IV Establishing the sowing date