GLOSSARY
Chapter 2: About CGMS
Ae | EMU area | [ha] |
Estimated planted area | [ha] | |
A2 | NUTS-2 area | [ha] |
b0 | regression constant | [ton.ha-1] |
b1 | regression constant | [ton.ha-1.year-1] |
b2 | regression constant | [-] |
ce | percentage of the EMU area suitable for cultivation of crop x | [-] |
c2 | c2 is percentage of the NUTS-2 area suitable for cultivation of crop x | [-] |
e | EMU | [-] |
k | number of NUTS-2 subregions per NUTS-1 region | [-] |
n | number of EMUs in a NUTS-2 subregionof the EMU area suitable for wheat cultivation | [-] |
Production volume | [ton] | |
ST | Simulation result in year T | [ton.ha-1] |
Estimated yield in year T | [ton.ha-1] | |
YT2 | simulated average NUTS-2 yield in year T | [ton.ha-1] |
YT,e,i | simulated EMU yield in year T | [ton.ha-1] |
Chapter 4: WEATHER
a | Albedo or reflection coefficient of regarded surface | [-] |
b | Solar elevation | [degrees] |
g | Psychrometric constant (at elevation z) | [hPa °C-1] |
go | Psychrometric constant at sea level | [hPa °C-1] |
D | Slope of the saturation vapour pressure curve | [hPa °C-1] |
DT | Temperature difference | [°C] |
d | Solar declination | [degrees] |
e | Ratio molecule weight water vapor / dry air | [-] |
l | Latitude | [degrees] |
L | Latent heat of vaporization | [MJ kg-1] |
s | Stefan Boltzmann constant | [MJm-2 K-4d-1] |
òsinb | Integral of solar height | [s] |
òsinbm | Modified integral of effective solar height | [s] |
Aa,Ba | Emperical constants of the Ångström equation | [-] |
As | Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation | [°C-0.5] |
Bs | Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation | [-] |
Cs | Emperical constant of extented Hargreaves equation | [J m-2 d-1] |
Ah | Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation | [°C-0.5] |
Bh | Emperical constant of Hargreaves equation | [J m-2 d-1] |
BU | Emperical coefficient in the wind function | [s m-1] |
c | Coefficient on regression of transmission on solar angle | [-] |
Cp | Specific heat of moist air | [kJ kg-1 °C-1] |
CC | Mean total cloud cover during daytime | [octas] |
cosLD | Amplitude of sine of solar height = cosdcosl | [-] |
D | Day length | [h] |
Dp | Diffuse irradiation perpendicular to the direction of light | [J m-2 s-1] |
ea | Saturated vapour pressure | [hPa] |
EA | Evaporative demand of the atmosphere | [mm d-1] |
ed | Actual vapour pressure | [hPa] |
ET0 | Evapo(transpi)ration | [mm d-1] |
factor | Empirical constant in the EA equation | [-] |
f(u) | Wind related function | [ms-1] |
n | Bright sunshine hours per day | [hr] |
p | correction constant | [degrees] |
P | Atmospheric pressure (at elevation z) | [hPa] |
Po | Atmospheric pressure at sea level | [hPa] |
Rav | Average radiation | [J m-2 d-1] |
Rna | Net absorbed radiation in equivalent evaporation | [mm d-1] |
Rnl | Net outgoing long wave-radiation | [J m-2 d-1] |
Rs | Incoming solar radiation | [J m-2 d-1] |
Sc | Average solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere | [J m-2 s-1] |
Sc,d | Solar constant at the top of the atmosphere for a certain day | [J m-2s-1] |
Rdf,d | Daily diffuse radiation | [J m-2 d-1 |
Rg,d | Daily global radiation | J m-2 d-1] |
Ro,d | Daily extra-terrestrial solar radiation | [J m-2 s-1 |
sinLD | Seasonal offset of sine of solar height = sindsinl | [-] |
T | Average daily temperature | [°C] |
Tatm | Atmospheric transmission | [-] |
td | Day number since the 1st of January | [-] |
th | Hour of the day | [hr] |
Tmax | Maximum temperature | [°C] |
Tmin | Minimum temperature | [°C] |
u(2) | Mean windspeed at 2 m height | [m s-1] |
W | Temperature related weighting factor | [-] |
z | Elevation | [m] |
Chapter 5: CROP
b | Angle of the sun above horizon | [degrees] |
d | Solar declination | [degrees] |
e | Initial light use efficiency | [kg ha-1 leaf h-1]/[J m-2 leaf s-1] |
k | Extinction coefficient for photosynthetic active radiation flux | [-] |
kbl | Extinction coefficient for the direct radiation flux | [-] |
kdf | Extinction coefficient for the diffuse radiation flux | [-] |
kdr,bl | Extinction coefficient for the direct component of direct light | [-] |
kdr,t | Extinction coefficient for the total direct radiation flux | [-] |
l | Latitude | [degrees] |
r | Reflection coefficient of a green leaf canopy | [-] |
z | Scattering coefficient fraction of single leaves for visible radiation | [-] |
s | Solar declination | [degrees] |
STi | Temperature sum required to complete stage i | [°C d] |
òsinbm | Modified integral of effective solar height | [s] |
DQt | Rate variable at time step t | [unit d-1] |
Dt | Time step | [d] |
DW | Dry matter growth rate total crop | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DWd | Death rate of leaves | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DW1d | Potential death rate of leaves due to water stress | [kg ha-1d-1] |
DW2d | Potential death rate of leaves due to high LAI | [kg ha-1d-1] |
DWi | Dry matter growth rate organ i | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DWni | Net dry matter growth rate organ i | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DWnlv | Net dry matter growth of leaves | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DWrt | Dry matter growth rate roots | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
DWsh | Dry matter growth rate shoots | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
†i | Death rate organ i | [kg kg-1 d-1] |
†max,lv | Maximum relative death rate of leaves due to water stress | [kg kg-1d-1] |
A | Gross assimilation rate | [kg ha-1 d-1 |
A1d | Gross daily CO2 assimilation rate, corrected for low min. temperature | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Ad | Total daily gross assimilation rate | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Ac | Total inst. gross assimilation rate for the whole canopy | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
Ac,l | Total inst. gross canopy assimilation rate per unit leaf area | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
AT,L | Total inst. gross assimilation rate at a relative depth L | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
AL | Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at relative depth L | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
Am | Instantaneous gross assimilation rate at light saturation | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
Ash | Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, shaded leaves | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
Asl | Instantaneous gross assimilation rate, sunlit leaves | [kg ha-1 h-1] |
Ce | Conversion efficiency factor of assimilates, total crop | [kg kg-1] |
Ce,i | Conversion efficiency factor of the assimilates of a specified organ | [kg kg-1] |
Cf | Cluster factor | [-] |
cm,i | Maintenance coefficient of organ i | [kg kg-1 d-1] |
D | Day length | [h] |
Dc | Critical day length for development (lower threshold) | [h] |
Do | Optimum day length for development (upper threshold) | [h] |
Dr,t | Development rate coefficient at time step t | [d-1] |
Ds,t | Development stage at time step | [-] |
DTs | Temperature dependent correction factor | [°C] |
fred | Development rate reduction factor due to day length | [-] |
fsl | Fraction sunlit leaf area | [-] |
frai | Reduction factor for leaf age increase | [-] |
GAIi | Green area index of organ i | [ha ha-1] |
L | Relative depth of horizon in the canopy | [-] |
Lc | Critical day length for development (lower threshold) | [h] |
Ld | Actual day length | [h] |
Lo | Optimum day length for development (upper threshold) | [h] |
LAI | Leaf area index | [ha ha-1] |
LAIt | Leaf area index at time step t | [ha ha-1] |
LAIc | Critical leaf area index | [ha ha-1] |
LAIL | Cumulative leaf area index at relative depth L in the canopy (from top downwards) | [ha ha-1] |
LExp,t | Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during exponential growth stage | [ha ha-1 d-1] |
LSc,t | Growth rate of the leaf area index at time step t during the source limited growth stage | [ha ha-1 d-1] |
p | Gaussian integration points | [-] |
Page,t | Physiologic age at time step t | [d] |
PAR | Photosynthetically active radiation | [J m-2 d-1] |
PARo | Photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARo,L | Net photosynthetic active radiation at relative depth L in the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARo,dr | Direct part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARo,df | Diffuse part of the photosynthetically active radiation flux at top of the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa | Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,L | Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux at relative depth L | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,df | Absorbed amount of the diffuse radiation flux | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,dr,dr | Absorbed amount of the direct component of direct radiation flux | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,dr,sl | Absorbed amount of the direct radiation flux by leaves perpendicular to the direct beam | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,dr,t | Absorbed amount of the total direct radiation flux | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,sh | Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by shaded leaves | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARa,sl | Absorbed amount of the total radiation flux by sunlit leaves | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARdf,L | Net diffuse component of total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARdr,L | Net direct component of direct PAR at relative depth L in the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARdr,t,L | Net total PAR at relative depth L in the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
PARL | Net photosynthetic active radiation flux at depth L in the canopy | [J m-2 s-1] |
pci | Partitioning factor of specified organ | [kg kg-1] |
R1d | Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate, not corrected for water stress | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Rd | Gross daily CH2O assimilation rate | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Rg | Growth respiration rate | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Rm | Maintenance respiration rate | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Rm,r | Maintenance respiration rate at a reference temp. of 25 °C | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
Rm,T | Maintenance respiration rate at temperature T | [kg ha-1 d-1] |
RDcrop | Crop-dependent maximum rooting depth | [cm] |
RDi | Initial rooting depth | [cm] |
RDmax | Maximum rooting depth | [cm] |
RDsoil | Soil-dependent maximum rooting depth | [cm] |
RDt | Rooting depth at time step t | [cm] |
RL | Maximum relative increase of leaf area index | [°C-1 d-1] |
RRmax | Maximum daily increase in rooting depth | [cm] |
Qt | State variable at time step t | [unit] |
Q10 | Relative increase of the respiration rate per 10 °C | [-] |
Sexp,t | Specific leaf area at time step t during the exponential growth stage | [ha kg-1] |
Sla | Specific leaf area | [ha kg-1] |
SSi | Specific green area of organ i | [ha kg-1] |
T | Daily (average) temperature | [°C] |
Ta | Actual transpiration | [cm d-1] |
Tatm | Atmospheric transmission | [-] |
Tb | Base temperature below which phenological development stops | [°C] |
Tb,age | Lower treshold temperature for physiologic ageing | [°C] |
Te | Effective daily temperature | [°C] |
Tday | Average daytime temperature | [°C] |
th | Hour of the day (solartime) | [h] |
Tlow | Seven day running average of minimum temperture | [°C] |
Tmax | Maximum daily temperature | [°C] |
Tmax,e | Maximum temperature, beyond which the phenological development rate does not increase | [°C] |
Tmin | Minimum daily temperature | [°C] |
Tp | Potential transpiration | [cm d-1] |
Tr | Refererence temperature for definition of maintenance coefficients | [°C] |
W | Total dry matter weight | [kg ha-1] |
Wd | Weight of leaves that have died during current time step | [kg ha-1] |
Wi | Dry matter weight organ i | [kg ha-1] |
Wi,t | Dry matter weight organ i at time step t | [kg ha-1] |
lv | leaves |
|
rt | roots |
|
st | stems |
|
so | storage organs |
|
Chapter 6: SOIL WATER BALANCE
ap | First regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor | [-] |
pp | Second regression constant for derivation of the soil water depletion factor | [-] |
Dq | Rate of change in moisture content of root zone | [cm3 cm-3 d-1] |
qair | Critical soil moisture content for aeration | [cm3 cm-3] |
qair,p | Air content at selected matric head p=-1,0,1 | [cm3 cm-3] |
qair,yi | Air content at selected matric head | [cm3 cm-3] |
qair,t | Air content above ground water table | [cm3 cm-3] |
qc | Critical air content | [cm3 cm-3] |
qfc | Soil moisture content at field capacity (pF = 2.0) | [cm3 cm-3] |
qmax | Soil porosity (maximum soil moisture content) | [cm3 cm-3] |
qt | Actual soil moisture content | [cm3 cm-3] |
qwp | Soil moisture content at wilting point | [cm3 cm-3] |
qws | Critical soil moisture content | [cm3 cm-3] |
qyi | Actual soil moisture content as a function of matric head | [cm3 cm-3] |
kdf | Extinction coefficient for diffuse radiation | [-] |
kgb | Extinction coefficient for global radiation | [-] |
Dt | Time step | [d] |
Dy | Height of interval matric head | [cm] |
yo | Lower boundary interval matric head | [cm] |
y1 | Upper boundary interval matric head | [cm] |
yi | Matric head | [cm] |
y(A) | Matric head as a function of the amount of air | [cm] |
DWrz | Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the root zone | [cm d-1] |
DWlz | Rate of change of the amount of soil moisture in the lower zone | [cm d-1] |
DW | Rate of change in the amount of moisture in the root zone | [cm d-1] |
DZ | Change in groundwater level per time step | [cm d-1] |
Anew | New air amount between root zone and ground water level | [cm] |
Aair(h) | Amount of air in the soil as a function of height above the groundwater | [cm] |
Afc | Amount of air at field capacity | [cm] |
CRmax | Maximum flow rate calculated at equilibrium | [cm d-1] |
CR | Rate of capillary rise | [cm d-1] |
CI | Reduction factor for rain not infiltrating during time step | [-] |
D | Height difference between root zone and the groundwater table | [cm] |
DD | Drain depth | [cm] |
DR | Drainage rate | [cm d-1] |
DRmax | Maximum drainage rate (is equal to the drainage capacity) | [cm d-1] |
Dslr | Days since last rain | [d] |
DS | Rate of change of surface storage | [cm d-1] |
Ea | Effective evaporation rate | [cm d-1] |
Es | Evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface | [cm d-1] |
Es,max | Maximum evaporation rate from a shaded soil surface | [cm d-1] |
Ew | Evaporation rate from a shaded water surface | [cm d-1] |
Ew,max | Maximum evaporation from a shaded water surface | [cm d-1] |
E0 | Potential soil evaporation | [cm d-1] |
E0s | Potential evaporation rate for a soil surface | [cm d-1] |
E0w | Potential evaporation rate for a water surface | [cm d-1] |
ET0 | Potential evapotranspiration rate | [cm d-1] |
FI | Fraction of rain not infiltrating during time step t | [-] |
FL | Flow rate (=capillary rise, ¯=percolation) | [cm d-1] |
Ie | Effective daily irrigation | [cm d-1] |
IN | Infiltration rate | [cm d-1] |
INmax | Maximum infiltration rate | [cm d-1] |
INp | Preliminary infiltration rate | [cm d-1 |
K | Hydraulic conductivity | [cm d-1] |
K0 | Hydraulic conductivity at saturation | [cm d-1] |
K(pF) | 10log of hydraulic conductivity as a function of pF | [-] |
LAI | Leaf area index | [ha ha-1] |
Loss | Percolation rate from the lower zone to the subsoil | [cm d-1] |
Nocg | Number of crop group to be specified | [-] |
Nod | Number of succesive days with stress due to oxygen shortage | [-] |
p | Soil water depletion fraction or fraction of easily available soil water | [cm3 cm-3] |
p | Three points for Gaussian integration | [-] |
P | Precipitation intensity | [cm d-1] |
pF | pF value | [-] |
Perc | Percolation rate from root zone to lower zone | [cm d-1] |
Ros | Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage (water excess) | [-] |
Ros,max | Maximum reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage | [-] |
Ros | Reduction factor for transpiration due to oxygen shortage | [-] |
Rws | Reduction factor for transpiration due to water shortage | [-] |
RD | Actual rooting depth | [cm] |
RDmax | Maximum rooting depth | [cm] |
SRt | Surface runoff at time step t | [cm] |
SSt | Surface storage at time step t | [cm] |
SSmax | Maximum surface storage | [cm] |
Tm | Maximum crop transpiration rate | [cm d-1] |
Ta | Actual transpiration rate | [cm d-1] |
UP | Uptake capacity of lower zone | [cm d-1] |
Wav | Initial amount of soil moisture in excess of qwp | [cm] |
Wdd | Amount of water above drains | [cm] |
Wlz | Amount of soil moisture in the lower zone | [cm] |
Wlz,fc | Equilibrium amount of soil moisture in the lower zone | [cm] |
Wrz | Amount of soil moisturein the rooted zone | [cm] |
Wss,fc | Equilibrium soil moisture amount below rooted zone | [cm] |
Wrz,fc | Equilibrium soil moisture amount in rooted zone | [cm] |
Wdd,fc | Equilibrium soil moisture amount above the drains up to the surface | [cm] |
Zt | Depth of groundwater level at time step t | [cm] |
Zrd | Distance between root zone and groundwater table | [cm] |
APPENDIX IV Establishing the sowing date
CRmax | Maximum capillary rise | [cm d-1] |
EOs | Potential evaporation rate from a bare soil surface | [cm] |
Es | Evaporation rate from a bare soil | [cm d-1] |
Inp | Amount of water infiltrating in the plow | [cm] |
P | Precipitation intensity | [cm d-1] |
Sp1 | First top soil seepage parameter | [-] |
Sp2 | Second top soil seepage parameter | [-] |
Wexc,t | Excess amount of water in the plow layer at time step t | [cm] |
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